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İçerik Close Contact tarafından sağlanmıştır. Bölümler, grafikler ve podcast açıklamaları dahil tüm podcast içeriği doğrudan Close Contact veya podcast platform ortağı tarafından yüklenir ve sağlanır. Birinin telif hakkıyla korunan çalışmanızı izniniz olmadan kullandığını düşünüyorsanız burada https://tr.player.fm/legal özetlenen süreci takip edebilirsiniz.
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Hilde Mosse comes from one of the wealthiest families in Berlin and stands to inherit an enormous fortune. But she longs for something more meaningful than the luxurious lifestyle her family provides. So Hilde decides to pursue her dream of becoming a doctor. As the Nazis take power in Germany and the Mosse family is forced to flee, Dr. Hilde Mosse lands in New York having nearly lost everything.. She finds her calling treating the mental health of Black youth – and the symptoms of a racist system. In addition to photographs, school records, and correspondence spanning Hilde Mosse’s entire lifetime, the Mosse Family Collection in the LBI Archives includes the diaries she kept between 1928 and 1934, from the ages of 16-22. Hilde’s papers are just part of the extensive holdings related to the Mosse Family at LBI. Learn more at lbi.org/hilde . Exile is a production of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York and Antica Productions. It’s narrated by Mandy Patinkin. This episode was written by Lauren Armstrong-Carter. Our executive producers are Laura Regehr, Rami Tzabar, Stuart Coxe, and Bernie Blum. Our producer is Emily Morantz. Research and translation by Isabella Kempf. Voice acting by Hannah Gelman. Sound design and audio mix by Philip Wilson. Theme music by Oliver Wickham. Please consider supporting the work of the Leo Baeck Institute with a tax-deductible contribution by visiting lbi.org/exile2025 . The entire team at Antica Productions and Leo Baeck Institute is deeply saddened by the passing of our Executive Producer, Bernie Blum. We would not have been able to tell these stories without Bernie's generous support. Bernie was also President Emeritus of LBI and Exile would not exist without his energetic and visionary leadership. We extend our condolences to his entire family. May his memory be a blessing. This episode of Exile is made possible in part by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, which is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Finance and the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future.…
İçerik Close Contact tarafından sağlanmıştır. Bölümler, grafikler ve podcast açıklamaları dahil tüm podcast içeriği doğrudan Close Contact veya podcast platform ortağı tarafından yüklenir ve sağlanır. Birinin telif hakkıyla korunan çalışmanızı izniniz olmadan kullandığını düşünüyorsanız burada https://tr.player.fm/legal özetlenen süreci takip edebilirsiniz.
Succinct summaries of articles relevant to field epidemiologists, communicable disease control officers, and public health specialists. Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, Eurosurveillance, MMWR, JID, Lancet, Nature and other great journals.
İçerik Close Contact tarafından sağlanmıştır. Bölümler, grafikler ve podcast açıklamaları dahil tüm podcast içeriği doğrudan Close Contact veya podcast platform ortağı tarafından yüklenir ve sağlanır. Birinin telif hakkıyla korunan çalışmanızı izniniz olmadan kullandığını düşünüyorsanız burada https://tr.player.fm/legal özetlenen süreci takip edebilirsiniz.
Succinct summaries of articles relevant to field epidemiologists, communicable disease control officers, and public health specialists. Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, Eurosurveillance, MMWR, JID, Lancet, Nature and other great journals.
Email us at contact@closecontact.info By way of overview, this month we have: One Health Investigation into MPOX and Pets, United States, Emerging Infectious Diseases MPOX Epidemiology and Vaccine Effectiveness, England, 2023, Emerging Infectious Diseases Antiviral susceptibility of Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus from Humans, United States, Emerging Infectious Diseases HPAI (H5N1) Virus Infection in Cats, South Korea, 2023, Emerging Infectious Disease The effect of pre-COVID and post-COVID vaccination on long COVID, Journal of Infection Influenza A (H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals, Nature Microbiology Wastewater associated plastipheres: a Hidden Habitat for Microbial Pathogens, PLOS One Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Splash Pads — United States, 1997–2022, MMWR Estimated Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Secondary Infections in Households, JAMA CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for personal and business overseas currency transactions - get the midmarket rate with low fees.…
Email us at contact@closecontact.info By way of overview, this month we have: First, from the July Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, an article describing the reemergence of Clade IIb–Associated Mpox, in Germany in 2023. Next, From the July Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, a study describing the discovery of both avian and human-like sialic acid receptors in dairy cattle infected with HPAI H5N1 in the United States." A July Nature article reporting on the pathogenicity and mammalian transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus , emphasizing its dual receptor-binding capability and transmission through milk.". followed by, from July 2024, Eurosurveillance, research on the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in Ireland, showing that the program significantly reduced severe cases by 80 to 90 percent in people aged 50 and older during Omicron variant dominance, then, a Journal of Infection article highlighting a significant decline in antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children in China during the COVID-19 pandemic , suggesting an immunity gap was behind the post-pandemic surge in cases, next, from MMWR June 2024, a field note on the transmission of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans between humans and household pets in Utah and Colorado and finally, from the July 2024 JAMA Health Forum, a study reveals that stringent state-level restrictions in the USA were associated with significantly lower excess COVID-19 pandemic death rates, Message from the editor at end of podcast. CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for personal and business overseas currency transactions - get the midmarket rate with low fees. Mentioned in this episode: DayNightMorning intro music DayNightMorning intro music…
Overview and links to articles mentioned this month. www.closecontact.info Email: contact@closecontact.info June 2024, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Noelle M. Cocoros details the development of the RAVIOLI algorithm, a new method using electronic health records to enhance surveillance of respiratory viruses beyond traditional influenza-like illness methods. This approach notably improved detection of respiratory illnesses including SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, providing early warnings of emerging respiratory infection trends. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-0473_article • June 2024, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Park et al. explore severe Human Parainfluenza Virus pneumonia in adults at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, highlighting its prevalence and severe impact, especially in the immunocompromised. The study emphasizes the significant role of fungal co-infections in mortality rates. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-0670_article • June 2024, Emerging Infectious Diseases: A study on Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) finds no transmission to human cerebral organoids, suggesting a strong species barrier, which is crucial for understanding the zoonotic potential of CWD. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-1568_article • June 2024, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Marta Zlotnick examines foodborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. linked to foods eligible for irradiation. The findings suggest a significant prevention potential through irradiation, which is currently underutilized. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-0922_article • June 2024, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Katrine Finderup Nielsen's follow-up study on the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Denmark shows moderate and persistent effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease, except for serotype 3. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-0975_article • May 2024, Clinical Microbiology Reviews: Trisha Greenhalgh and colleagues provide a comprehensive review on masks and respirators, affirming their effectiveness in reducing transmission of respiratory infections and outlining future research directions for improving their use and public acceptance. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00124-23 CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for personal and business overseas currency transactions - get the midmarket rate with low fees. • June 2024, Nature Communications: Research by Haddrell et al. discusses the correlation between ambient CO2 levels and SARS-CoV-2 stability, revealing that increased CO2 concentrations can significantly enhance the virus's survival in aerosols, emphasizing the importance of ventilation in public health strategies. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47777-5 • June 2024 BMJ Public Health - a paper alleging that much of the excess mortality associated with the pandemic is actually due to COVID vaccines. This paper is flawed - perhaps it did not receive the usual BMJ review? https://bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000282 CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for personal and business overseas currency transactions - get the midmarket rate with low fees. Podcast text below: Electronic Health Record–Based Algorithm for Monitoring Respiratory Virus–Like Illness, by Noelle M. Cocoros, in June 2024 Emerging Infectious Diseases Multiple respiratory viruses circulate and cause significant illness and death, but public health has traditionally focused surveillance efforts on influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI). Syndromic surveillance systems provide little information on which pathogens are circulating and often require fever, lowering sensitivity. Using electronic health record data from 3 large practice groups in Massachusetts the authors developed the RAVIOLI algorithm for respiratory virus-like illness surveillance. They used virus illness syndromes and associated pathogens using historical data to identify diagnosis codes and other characteristics of healthcare visits most predictive of confirmed respiratory viral illnesses. Specifically, RAVIOLI uses a combination of health record diagnosis codes, laboratory results and measured fever with ≥10% positive predictive value for any respiratory virus or specific viruses to estimate the incidence of total and pathogen specific viral respiratory disease. Key findings and public health implications: • RAVIOLI identified 2-3 times more respiratory illness than ILI surveillance, which missed important increases in SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. • Before March 2020, influenza and nonspecific codes dominated RAVIOLI. SARS-CoV-2 then predominated until fall 2021 when RSV and influenza reemerged. • The highest rates of RAVIOLI were in children 0-4 years old (up to 25% during RSV and influenza peaks), followed by ages 5-24. • Most RAVIOLI patients were identified by diagnosis codes, then positive tests, then fever. 33% or fewer in the nonspecific RAVIOLI category had fever. • RAVIOLI provides early indication of emerging respiratory infection trends and prevailing pathogens beyond traditional ILI surveillance focused on influenza and requiring fever. • Broader pathogen monitoring informs testing guidance, health communication, targeted prevention like vaccination, infection control measures, and policies to minimize population health impacts. • The system provides users with granular insight into evolving trends in respiratory viral illness rates that both retains the best features of traditional syndromic surveillance (capacity to monitor changes in disease incidence in near real time regardless of whether persons get tested) and simultaneously broadens the scope of surveillance to include multiple pathogens, not just influenza and SARS-CoV-2. • The data provide insight into the relative proportions of con¬tributing pathogens across multiple clinical facilities using both test results and diagnosis codes to iden¬tify organisms. • We recommend reviewing Figure 1 and Figure 2 for insights into this analysis. Figure 1 shows the significant higher and variable viral disease estimates from the RAVIOLI algorithm versus clinical cases meeting the case definition for influenza-like illness cases. • In summary, in this paper describing the development of RAVIOLI, an electronic health record-based algorithm integrating lab tests and syndromic data for surveillance of multiple respiratory viruses, the major finding was that this approach identified 2-3 times more respiratory illness than traditional methods and important trends in SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza that influenza-like illness surveillance missed and provide pathogen specific estimates of illness. Severe Human Parainfluenza Virus Community- and Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults at Tertiary Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 2010–2019, by Park et al., in June Emerging Infectious Diseases. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/pdfs/23-0670.pdf Background: Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections, such as croup in children and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. However, the characteristics of severe HPIV-associated pneumonia in adults have not been well evaluated. The study investigated the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 143 patients with severe HPIV-associated pneumonia during 2010–2019 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea. The study was conducted as part of a prospective, observational cohort study of patients with severe virus-associated pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Key findings and implications for public health: • HPIV was found to be the leading cause of severe virus-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) at 25.2% and the third most common for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at 15.7%. • Most patients were elderly and common underlying conditions in patients with severe HPIV-associated pneumonia included: hematologic malignancy (35.0%), diabetes mellitus (23.8%), and structural lung disease (21.0%). • Co-infections with other pathogens occurred in 54.5% of patients admitted to the ICU, with bacterial co-infections being more common than viral and fungal co-infections. • The 90-day mortality rate for HPIV-associated pneumonia was 55.2%, comparable to that for severe influenza virus–associated pneumonia (48.4%). • Ribavirin treatment was not associated with lower mortality rates. • Fungal co-infections, mainly Aspergillus species, were associated with 82.4% of deaths and were significantly more common in the HAP group (20.6%) than in the CAP group (5.0%). In summary, in this paper investigating severe HPIV-associated pneumonia in adults, the major findings were the high prevalence of HPIV in severe HAP and CAP cases, the high mortality rate comparable to severe influenza, and the significant impact of fungal co-infections on mortality. The paper highlights the importance of considering the possibility of pathogenic co-infections in patients with HPIV-associated pneumonia and that contact precautions and environmental cleaning are crucial to prevent HPIV transmission in hospital settings. Lack of Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions to Human Cerebral Organoids by Bradley R. Groveman and others in June Emerging infectious Diseases. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/6/23-1568_article Chronic wasting disease henceforth referred to as CWD, is a cervid fatal neurodegenerative prion disease with unknown zoonotic potential that might pose a risk to humans who are exposed. CWD affects cervids, such as moose, elk, and several species of deer, across much of North America, South Korea, and certain countries in northern Europe, including Norway, Finland, and Sweden CWD is the most transmissible of the prion disease family; transmission between cervids is highly efficient. Another member of the prion disease family, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), has transmitted to humans and caused the emergence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. That transmission is widely believed to have occurred through ingestion of contaminated food. Subsequently, concern is ongoing as to whether CWD prions could likewise infect humans because of the high likelihood of CWD-tainted meat entering the human food chain. To assess the potential of CWD to infect human neural tissue, we used human cerebral organoids with 2 different prion genotypes, 1 of which has previously been associated with susceptibility to zoonotic prion disease. We exposed organoids from both genotypes to high concentrations of CWD inocula from 3 different sources for 7 days, then screened for infection periodically for up to 180 days. No de novo CWD propagation or deposition of protease-resistant forms of human prions was evident in CWD-exposed organoids. Some persistence of the original inoculum was detected, which was equivalent in prion gene knockout organoids and thus not attributable to human prion propagation. Overall, the unsuccessful propagation of CWD in cerebral organoids supports a strong species barrier to transmission of CWD prions to humans. The need for models that are more closely related to humans has been partially addressed using nonhuman primates. Transmission of CWD to squirrel monkeys has been readily demonstrated but, to date, transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques (a closer laboratory animal model to humans than squirrel monkeys) have not shown evidence of prion disease. In those studies, no markers of prion infection were found in macaques euthanized as many as 13 years after inoculation with CWD. In contrast, BSE readily transmitted to macaques, causing behavioral and cerebellar signs and progressing to extremely severe ataxia within a few weeks of initial clinical signs. For adult animals, euthanasia was required at about 160 weeks after inoculation. This encouraging difference between BSE and CWD supports a strong species barrier against CWD infecting humans. So the main reason for reviewing this article, was to explore a case study in exploring species barriers in the case of the highly transmissible CWD disease, finding that at at this time, transmission of CWD to human is unlikely. Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Linked to Foods Eligible for Irradiation, United States, 2009–2020, by Marta Zlotnick, in June Emerging Infectious Diseases. Food irradiation is a safe and effective way to reduce foodborne pathogens, sterilize insects, delay ripening, and extend shelf life. However, it has not been widely adopted in the United States, with estimates suggesting only around one third of spices and less than 0.1% of imported produce and meats are irradiated. Its adoption in the U.S. has been limited due to high costs and consumer perceptions. Methods: The authors searched the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for outbreaks caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, or Listeria from 2009-2020 where the food source was known. They categorized the implicated foods by whether they were eligible for irradiation and tallied the number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in outbreaks linked to irradiation-eligible foods. They also conducted a literature review to identify any additional relevant outbreaks. Key findings and public health implications: Of 2,153 outbreaks caused by the 4 pathogens of interest, 482 (22.4%) had a known food source. None of these outbreaks had irradiation listed as a processing method. 155 (32.2%) of the 482 outbreaks with a known source were linked to an irradiation-eligible food. These outbreaks caused 3,512 illnesses, 463 hospitalizations, and 10 deaths. The most common irradiation-eligible food sources were chicken (52 outbreaks), beef (31 outbreaks), and eggs (29 outbreaks), comprising 72% of the total. The illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in outbreaks linked to irradiation-eligible foods may have been prevented if those foods had been irradiated. Irradiation typically eliminates a large proportion of pathogenic microorganisms, though its efficacy depends on factors like temperature and water content. Irradiation could be a useful complementary tool alongside existing food safety practices to improve food safety, especially if consumer demand increases through education. In summary, in this United States study investigating foodborne disease outbreaks from 2009-2020, the major finding was that nearly one third of outbreaks with a known food source were caused by foods that could have been irradiated, suggesting irradiation could play an important role in preventing foodborne disease. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review, by Trisha Greenhalg and others, from the May issue of Clinical Microbiology Reviews Masks have been used for centuries to reduce transmission of respiratory diseases. However, the efficacy, acceptability, and safety of masks and other face coverings have been among the most important and contested scientific questions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for a new review on masks following the polarising findings in the masks section of a 2023 Cochrane review of non-pharmaceutical interventions (9) which was, controversially, limited to randomized controlled trials only. Many clinicians and members of the media and public interpreted the Cochrane review as proving that “masks don’t work”. The authors conducted a narrative review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence base from multiple disciplines and study designs on the benefits, practicalities, disbenefits, and harms of masks and masking. They synthesized evidence from over 100 published reviews and selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses of key clinical trials. The review produced seven key findings. First, there is strong and consistent evidence for airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory pathogens. Second, masks are, if correctly and consistently worn, effective in reducing transmission of respiratory diseases and show a dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more effective than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates are, overall, effective in reducing community transmission of respiratory pathogens. Fifth, masks are important sociocultural symbols; non-adherence to masking is sometimes linked to political and ideological beliefs and to widely circulated mis- or disinformation. Sixth, while there is much evidence that masks are not generally harmful to the general population, masking may be relatively contraindicated in individuals with certain medical conditions, who may require exemption. Furthermore, certain groups (notably deaf people) are disadvantaged when others are masked. Finally, there are risks to the environment from single-use masks and respirators. One important feature of this review can be found in Table 1, where the different study designs contributing to mask research are described including their strengths and limitations, and going beyond RCTs, – such as laboratory aerosol studies, modelling, and real world observational studies – not all evidence is found in RCTs. The authors recommend that future research should focus on improved characterization of situations in which masking should be recommended or mandated; attention to comfort and acceptability; communication support in settings where masks are worn; and development and testing of novel materials and designs for improved filtration, breathability, and environmental impact. Future reviews of mask and other nonpharmaceutical interventions should recognise that reviewing only RCTs is a significant limitation on evidence review. Follow-Up Study of Effectiveness of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Against All-Type and Serotype-Specific Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Denmark, by Katrine Finderup Nielsen, in June 2024 Emerging Infectious Diseases Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to serious illnesses like meningitis and bacteremia, especially in older adults. Denmark initiated a vaccination program with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, henceforth referred to as P-P-S-V-twenty-three, for people over 65 years old from April 2020 to January 2023. P-P-S-V-twenty-three covers 23 pneumococcal serotypes, but its effectiveness against specific serotypes varies. This study follows up on a previous Danish study to assess the vaccine effectiveness, henceforth referred to as VE, of P-P-S-V-twenty-three against both all-type IPD and serotype-specific IPD, including the impact of serotype 3. The researchers conducted a cohort study using nationwide data from various Danish registries. The study included just over one million, two hundred and fifty thousand individuals over 65 years old living in Denmark. They used a Cox regression model to estimate VE, adjusting for age, sex and underlying conditions. In the main analysis, individuals were censored for the first 14 days after vaccination. A sensitivity analysis included these individuals as unvaccinated during that period. Key findings and public health implications: P-P-S-V-twenty-three vaccination provided 32% protection against all-type IPD and 41% against IPD caused by the 23...…
By way of overview, first up a study in May Emerging Infectious Diseases providing a detailed description of Hepatitis E viral dynamics in a group of asymptomatic people tested every 4 days, showing rapid viral load rises and declines with parallel antibody responses. Next, a report in May EID of a cluster of invasive meningococcal disease caused by an expanding serogroup B strain in older adults in England, highlighting the critical role of genomic surveillance in linking cases and guiding public health responses. Then, a study in May EID investigating the evolution and dynamics of Legionella pneumophila sequence type 1905 in Portugal , finding that this atypical strain has persisted since a major 2014 outbreak and continues to pose a public health risk for recurrent Legionnaires' disease cases and outbreaks and a note that something unusual is happening in legionella globally with many examples of locally persistent virulent strains. Following that, an interventional study in May EID comparing COVID-19 incidence rates among cruise ship populations applying different sets of measures , finding a greater than 14-fold protection of passengers in ships that used masking and physical distancing. Next, a study in April's American Journal of Infection Control using whole genome sequencing to investigate a hospital outbreak, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious in aerosols for up to 5 hours after the room was vacated by an infected patient. Then, a study in March's Lancet Infectious Diseases investigating fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 variants , finding that the BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants showed significantly higher rates of viral shedding compared to other variants,– potentially disrupting correlations between sewage viral concentrations and human disease rates. Followed by a study in April's Journal of Infectious Diseases investigating the association between preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID-19–related symptoms among fully vaccinated Canadian paramedics, finding no association between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and the prevalence of post-COVID-19–related symptoms. Lastly we revisit the continued spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza among dairy cattle in the USA that we reported on last episode. Send us feedback at contact@closecontact.info CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for personal and business overseas currency transactions - get the midmarket rate with low fees.…
Welcome to our selected article summaries from some great public health journals including the April 2024 issue of the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, March Eurosurveillance, and other leading journals. From the April issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases , we will cover: A report on deaths associated with pediatric hepatitis of unknown etiology in the USA, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/23-1140_article An article on concurrent outbreaks of hepatitis A, invasive meningococcal disease, and mpox in Florida, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/23-1392_article The global threat due to antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Infantis associated with poultry https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/23-1031_article A study on bus riding as an amplification mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Germany, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/23-1299_article Findings on a Chlamydia pneumoniae upsurge at a tertiary hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/23-1610_article A commentary titled "Ten Years of High-Consequence Pathogens— discussing challenges in dealing with pathogens like ebola viruses, henipavirus and monkeypox virus over the past decade. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/4/24-0160_article Additionally , the MMWR examines the detection of measles vaccine virus in children with rash illness, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/pdfs/mm7312a3-H.pdf from Eurosurveillance , a report on the increase in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes UKM1 infections linking-Iceland and Scotland, Briefs Then a series of brief reports, including vaccine adverse events reporting associated with political inclination, effectiveness of updated COVID-19 vaccines among immunocompromised adults, cephtriaxone resistant gonorrhea in China, atypical age distribution and severity in children with RSV infections during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a systematic review on the potential for person-to-person transmission of Henipaviruses. Plus some late breakers from Promed including the H5N1 outbreak among dairy cattle in the USA. Promotion: CloseContact uses and recommends Wise for all personal and business overseas currency transactions -get the midmarket rate with low fees. Briefs – Reports of COVID-19 Vaccine Adverse Events in Predominantly Republican vs Democratic States A cross-sectional study found that the more states were inclined to vote Republican, the more likely their vaccine recipients or their clinicians reported COVID-19 vaccine AEs. All AEs were increased but severe adverse event rates were reported at an odds ratio 1.2 for a 10% increase in Republican voting. These results suggest that either the perception of vaccine AEs or the motivation to report them was associated with political inclination. That was from JAMA Network Open March 29th. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2816958 Interim Effectiveness of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Immunocompromising Conditions — VISION Network, September 2023–February 2024 It found that among adults aged ≥18 years with immunocompromising conditions, vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19–associated hospitalization was 38% in the 7–59 days after receipt of an updated vaccine dose and 34% in the 60–119 days after receipt of an updated dose. Few persons (18%) in this high-risk study population had received updated COVID-19 vaccine. It recommends that those with immunocompromising conditions may receive additional updated COVID vaccines from just 2 months after their last vaccine. That was from the March 28th MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7312a5.htm?s_cid=mm7312a5_w Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonorrhea — China, 2022 also from March 28th MMWR. During 2017−2022, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae increased in China, with resistance to ceftriaxone, the first-line treatment for gonorrhea, approximately tripling. Resistance varied by geographic region. Gonorrhea strains were resistant to other antibiotics at prevalences up to 97.6%, varying by antibiotic type. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7312a2.htm?s_cid=mm7312a2_w Atypical age distribution and high disease severity in children with RSV infections during two irregular epidemic seasons throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany, 2021 to 2023 , from March Eurosurveillance. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.13.2300465 This study highlights atypical age distribution and high disease severity in children with RSV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers found earlier RSV seasons in 2021 and 2022/23, with intense RSV-A followed by RSV-B circulation. In 2021, 2-4-year-olds were at high risk, while the 2022/23 season saw increased disease severity and intensive care needs. Listeners with an interest in RSV will appreciate the detailed figures breaking down age and year specific attack rates and severity and RSV subtyping. The authors stress the importance of year-round, age-stratified surveillance to estimate RSV impact and guide timely healthcare delivery in light of these unusual pandemic-era RSV seasons. Potential for Person-to-Person Transmission of Henipaviruses: A Systematic Review of the Literature from the March 15 issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases This review identified 52 studies with data on confirmed human Henipavirus infections finding there is substantially more evidence demonstrating the transmission potential of Nipah Virus Bangladesh , compared to Nipah Virus Malaysia type or Hendra Virus, from both the studies of human epidemiology and animal infection. The authors note the inadequacies in many investigations and the need for shared protocols for conducting and reporting from human investigations and animal experiments. https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/229/3/733/7334308 Late breakers Lastly from our general monitoring of ProMed mail and other sources, we alert you to: The first and growing spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy cattle across 5 states in the USA. Infected cattle transported from one state to another leading to subsequent outbreaks appears to confirm that this outbreak is supported by cattle to cattle transmission and not just cattle exposure to infected birds. The illness causes a significant drop in milk output and is primarily impacting older cattle. There has been one cases of H5N1 in a human exposed to infected cattle in Texas. At this time the case’s only clinical manifestation is conjunctivitis. Elsewhere on ProMed, we see reports on the global measles epidemic noting outbreaks in South Sudan, Netherlands, and Chicago, high case counts of Tick Borne Encephalitis in Poland thought to be associated with global warming and Lassa Fever transmission continues in Guinea, Liberia and Nigeria with over 66 deaths reported between week 9 and 11. Long Reads for Later Nature Disease Primer on Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00504-2 We hope you have enjoyed this episode of Close Contact. Please click subscribe button, that’s the best way for us to know if we are getting this right. If you would like to receive the summaries and links to articles in your inbox each month, submit your email at www.closecontact.info and email us at contact@closecontact.info to send feedback on whether our summaries should be changed in any way. Thanks for listening.…
Hello, and welcome to our selected article summaries from the March 2024 issue of the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, February Eurosurveillance, and Nature Communications. First up, we explore a significant study published in the March issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases journal,by Pablo I. Plaza and colleagues, revealing a worrying trend of increased species and geographic spread of H5N1, hinting at the virus's adaptability towards mammals and the heightened risk of a global pandemic. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-1098_article Next, we turn to Amy Paterson's systematic review of scales for measuring infectious disease-related stigma. This crucial work, also featured in the March 2023 Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, addresses the urgent need for methodologically sound, transferable scales to assess stigma during outbreaks. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-0934_article Following that, we delve into a study by Cheng-Yi Lee and colleagues on the effectiveness of various COVID-19 vaccine platforms in Taiwan. The research provides compelling evidence of the high protection mRNA and protein subunit vaccines offer against infection, severe illness, and death. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-0893_article We then examine a multimodal surveillance model for Enterovirus D68 respiratory disease among children in Colorado, USA, by Kevin Messacar and colleagues. This innovative approach, integrating clinical, syndromic, and wastewater surveillance, successfully detected an outbreak early, demonstrating the value of such integrated systems in public health practice. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-1223_article Quan M. Vu's study on the incidence and predictors of fatiguing illness after SARS-CoV-2 infection presents alarming findings on the significant increase in fatigue and chronic fatigue among COVID-19 patients, reinforcing the need for preventive public health measures. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-1194_article Additionally, we cover Brendan Mullen's investigation into the epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria in Virginia, USA. This study highlights the geographic clustering of infections and their association with climate factors, pointing to the potential impact of climate change on these mycobacterial diseases. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-1162_article Ivan Lam's research from Nature Communications offers insights into the long-term health consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mitigating effects of vaccination. With over 1 million cases analysed, the study provides convincing evidence of protection from long term sequelae by COVID-19 vaccines. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45953-1 We also share updates on influenza vaccine effectiveness from the February issue of Eurosurveillance, including studies on the interim effectiveness of the 2023/24 influenza A vaccine https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.8.2400089 and the examination of waning protection from seasonal influenza vaccination over nine seasons in Ontario, Canada. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.8.2300239 Lastly, Shogo Miyazawa's study on wastewater-based reproduction numbers for COVID-19 in Japan demonstrates the potential of wastewater surveillance to accurately monitor and project disease trends, offering a novel approach to public health monitoring. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.8.2300277 This episode, we would also like to draw our listener’s attention to an excellent source of long form expert reviews in the Nature Reviews Disease Primer Series, including recent reviews on Strongyloidiasis, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, cryptococcal meningitis and HIV. These are state of the art reviews by international experts, find them at: https://www.nature.com/nrdp/reviews-and-analysis Contact us with suggestions and feedback…
Welcome to this episode of our public health podcast, where we delve into the latest research findings from the February 2024 issue of the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal. Today, we're covering a range of critical topics that underscore the evolving landscape of infectious diseases and our responses to them. Let's take a brief look at what's coming up: First, we explore how Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, adapted its COVID-19 contact tracing protocols in the face of resource constraints, a study led by Seonghye Jeon. This investigation sheds light on the balance between effectiveness and efficiency in public health strategies during the pandemic. Next, Krist Ewe leads us through the impact of the Meningococcal ACWY vaccination program during the 2017-18 epidemic in Western Australia, Australia. This piece highlights the crucial role of targeted vaccination efforts in controlling outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease. We then examine the use of power law for estimating underdetection of foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, a groundbreaking study by Laura Ford. This research offers insights into the scale of foodborne outbreaks that go unreported and the importance of improving detection methods. Following that, Shi Zhao provides an in-depth analysis of the incidence of unreported SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong, using seroprevalence of Open Reading Frame 8 antigen. This study underscores the hidden burden of COVID-19 infections and the critical role of seroprevalence studies in understanding the pandemic's true impact. Then, Oluwaseun F. Egbelowo presents a model for interpreting discordant SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results, tackling the challenges posed by conflicting outcomes from rapid antigen and nucleic acid amplification tests. Lastly, Holly Fountain describes the increase in gonorrhoea following lifting of COVID restrictions in England. HqFhOJZ9kzk5HoDaAStv Mentioned in this episode: DayNightMorning intro music…
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